UPSC CSE 2024 · GS3 · 10 marks · 150 words · Environment
Evaluate India's commitments under the Paris Agreement and the challenges in meeting its NDC targets.
🎯 How to approach this question
• **Introduction**: Briefly state India's updated NDC commitments (2022) and net-zero 2070 target
• **Body-Part 1**: List India's specific commitments - emission intensity reduction, renewable energy targets, carbon sink creation
• **Body-Part 2**: Analyze challenges - financing gaps for renewable energy transition, coal dependency, technology transfer issues, carbon credit mechanism limitations, and implications of Loss and Damage Fund operationalized at COP28
• **Conclusion**: Suggest way forward with government missions (Green Hydrogen), policy frameworks (carbon markets), and balancing development-climate imperatives
Model Answer (English)
India's Paris Agreement Commitments
India's **Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC)**, updated in 2022, commits to:
- **45% reduction in emission intensity** of GDP by 2030 (from 2005 levels)
- Achieving **50% cumulative electric power from non-fossil sources** by 2030
- Creating additional **carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes CO₂ equivalent**
- Long-term **net-zero by 2070** target announced at COP26
Challenges in Meeting NDC Targets
**Renewable Energy**: Though India achieved 180 GW renewable capacity, reaching 500 GW by 2030 faces financing gaps (~$200 billion), grid integration issues, and land acquisition hurdles.
**Carbon Credits**: Inconsistent carbon pricing mechanisms and limited participation in Article 6 frameworks constrain climate finance mobilization.
**Loss and Damage Fund**: Operationalization at COP28 provides climate finance hope, but India's dual role as recipient and contributor creates fiscal pressures.
**Other constraints**: Coal dependency (70% electricity), just transition concerns for 3 million coal workers, and technology transfer bottlenecks.
Way Forward
Accelerate [National Green Hydrogen Mission], strengthen **carbon markets** under [Energy Conservation Amendment Act 2022], leverage **COP28 commitments**, and balance development imperatives with climate ambition through innovative financing.
मॉडल उत्तर (हिंदी)
पेरिस समझौते के तहत भारत की प्रतिबद्धताएँ
भारत के **राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान (NDC)**, 2022 में अद्यतन, में शामिल हैं:
- GDP की **उत्सर्जन तीव्रता में 45% कमी** (2005 स्तर से) 2030 तक
- 2030 तक **गैर-जीवाश्म स्रोतों से 50% संचयी विद्युत शक्ति**
- **2.5-3 बिलियन टन CO₂ समतुल्य अतिरिक्त कार्बन सिंक** निर्माण
- COP26 में घोषित दीर्घकालिक **नेट-जीरो 2070** लक्ष्य
NDC लक्ष्यों को पूरा करने में चुनौतियाँ
**नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा**: 180 GW नवीकरणीय क्षमता प्राप्त करने के बावजूद, 2030 तक 500 GW की प्राप्ति में वित्तीय अंतराल (~$200 बिलियन), ग्रिड एकीकरण समस्याएं और भूमि अधिग्रहण बाधाएं।
**कार्बन क्रेडिट**: असंगत कार्बन मूल्य निर्धारण तंत्र और अनुच्छेद 6 ढांचे में सीमित भागीदारी।
**क्षति एवं हानि निधि (Loss and Damage Fund)**: COP28 में परिचालन से जलवायु वित्त की आशा, लेकिन प्राप्तकर्ता और योगदानकर्ता की दोहरी भूमिका।
**अन्य बाधाएं**: कोयला निर्भरता (70% बिजली), 30 लाख कोयला श्रमिकों के लिए न्यायसंगत संक्रमण चिंताएं।
आगे की राह
[राष्ट्रीय हरित हाइड्रोजन मिशन] में तेजी, [ऊर्जा संरक्षण संशोधन अधिनियम 2022] के तहत **कार्बन बाजार** सुदृढ़ीकरण, **COP28 प्रतिबद्धताओं** का लाभ उठाना और नवाचारी वित्तपोषण के माध्यम से विकास-जलवायु संतुलन।
🎯 दृष्टिकोण
• **प्रस्तावना**: भारत की अद्यतन NDC प्रतिबद्धताओं (2022) और नेट-जीरो 2070 लक्ष्य का संक्षेप में उल्लेख
• **मुख्य भाग-1**: भारत की विशिष्ट प्रतिबद्धताएं - उत्सर्जन तीव्रता में कमी, नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा लक्ष्य, कार्बन सिंक निर्माण
• **मुख्य भाग-2**: चुनौतियों का विश्लेषण - नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा संक्रमण हेतु वित्तीय अंतराल, कोयला निर्भरता, प्रौद्योगिकी हस्तांतरण मुद्दे, कार्बन क्रेडिट तंत्र की सीमाएं, COP28 में परिचालित क्षति एवं हानि निधि के निहितार्थ
• **निष्कर्ष**: सरकारी मिशनों (हरित हाइड्रोजन), नीतिगत ढांचों (कार्बन बाजार) के साथ आगे की राह और विकास-जलवायु संतुलन
🧠 Examiner's Insight
A 40% answer merely lists NDC targets without analyzing implementation challenges. A 60% answer specifically integrates **recent developments** (COP28 Loss and Damage Fund operationalization, updated NDC 2022, net-zero 2070 timeline), demonstrates understanding of **tensions** (development needs vs. emission cuts, coal dependence vs. renewable transition), and connects multiple keywords naturally—showing carbon credits' role in financing renewable energy, or how Loss and Damage Fund affects India's fiscal space for NDC implementation.
Facts worth memorizing
- →[Updated NDC 2022]: Emission intensity reduction increased from 33-35% to 45% by 2030; non-fossil fuel capacity target increased from 40% to 50%
- →India's renewable energy capacity reached **180 GW (Dec 2023)**, but needs **500 GW by 2030** requiring ~$200 billion investment
- →[COP28 Dubai 2023]: Loss and Damage Fund operationalized; India pledged $10 million; first 'Global Stocktake' completed
- →[National Green Hydrogen Mission 2023]: Targets 5 MMT annual production by 2030, facilitating decarbonization and export potential
- →India's per capita emissions (1.9 tCO₂) remain **below global average (4.7 tCO₂)** despite being 3rd largest emitter
- →[Energy Conservation Amendment Act 2022]: Introduced **Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)** to create domestic carbon markets
- →Coal-based power generation: **~70% of electricity**, employing **~3 million workers** creating just transition challenges
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